中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
今日小寒|你知道小寒三候吗？******
作者：杜传耀
小寒，2023年的第一个节气，是二十四节气中的第23个节气，冬季的第5个节气，干支历子月的结束与丑月的起始。斗指癸，太阳黄经为285°，于每年公历1月5-7日交节。它与大寒、小暑、大暑及处暑一样，都是表示气温冷暖变化的节气。
小寒天气特点
对于小寒，《群芳谱》有言:“冷气积久而为寒，小者未至极也。”也就是说，小寒是冷气长期积累的结果，但寒冷的程度还未到极致。在小寒时节，太阳直射点还在南半球，北半球的热量还处于散失的状态，白天吸收的热量还是少于夜晚释放的热量，因此北半球的气温还在持续降低，寒气继续积累。
从字面意思看，小寒好像是没有大寒冷。但根据长期的气象记录看，在北方地区，一般是小寒节气要比大寒节气冷，但在南方大部地区来说，是大寒节气要比小寒节气更冷。在北方地区流传着“小寒胜大寒，常见不稀罕”的说法。也就是说，在北方，小寒节气比大寒节气冷很常见，并不稀奇。中国南北地区的气候存在着较大的差异。
《望月婆罗门·元夕》中有言:“小寒料峭，一番春意换年芳。蛾儿雪柳风光。”小寒时节既是冬季的尾声，又是春季的前奏，再过半个月，即到春节。虽天地间仍是一片雪柳风光，但此时大地阳气已萌发，春暖即将悄悄来临，正所谓“冬天到了，春天还会远吗？”
小寒三候
一候，雁北乡。古人认为，大雁是一种随阴阳迁徙的候鸟。小寒节气，虽北方还是一片白雪皑皑，但它们已经感知到阴阳的顺逆变化，准备开始向北迁移。
二候，鹊始巢。此时北方到处可见到喜鹊，古人认为喜鹊能感知阴阳，识别星象，随着阳气上升，喜鹊感知到阳气，识别到星位，便开始筑巢，准备孕育后代。
三候，雉始鸲。《月令七十二候集解》记载：“雉，文明之禽，阳鸟也；雊，雌雄之同鸣也，感于阳而后有声。”古人发现，雉每年到小寒节气，就会感到阳气，雄雌同鸣。
小寒农事
我国南北跨度大，存在明显的天气差异。在北方，天气寒冷。大部分地区田间已经没有太多的农活，主要任务是在家做好菜窖、畜舍保暖，造肥积肥等工作。
在南方，天气相对暖和。要给小麦、油菜等作物追施冬肥，海南和华南大部分地区则主要是做好防寒防冻、积肥造肥和兴修水利等工作。小寒、大寒是一年中雨水最少的时段。
小寒习俗及养生
小寒节气习俗。在该节气，南京人一般会煮菜饭吃。一般是将矮脚黄青菜、咸肉、香肠或板鸭丁与糯米同煮，再配上一些剁碎的生姜，十分鲜香可口。广州人在该节气早上习惯吃糯米饭，糯米饭里面除了糯米，还会加入一些香米，并配上切碎之后炒熟的腊肠和腊肉，再点缀些香菜、葱花，吃起来特别香。
小寒节气养生。小寒节气，天气寒冷，应注意补充热量，多吃羊肉、鸡汤、鸭肉等温热食品，少食黏硬、生冷。这个时节在生活起居方面，宜早卧晚起。常言道“睡个好觉，胜过补药”，冬季昼短夜长，故应“日出而作，日落而息”。谚语有：“冬天动一动，少闹一场病；冬到懒一懒，多喝药一碗。”在冬天要多进行户外运动，呼吸新鲜空气，增强免疫力，但此时的锻炼宜以舒缓运动为主。还需特别注意对头部和手脚的保暖。外出需戴好手套和帽子，减少寒冷对头部和手的影响。小寒前后强冷空气及寒潮活动频繁，易造成温度、湿度等气象要素的剧烈变化，人们往往难以适应而爆发各种疾病，要注意防范。
作者系北京市气象探测中心（北京市观象台）高级工程师
